fig65

Figure 65. Echo-Doppler study in apical four-chamber views of a child with Down syndrome showing an atrioventricular septal defect. Two-dimensional imaging (A) clearly demonstrates an ostium primum atrial septal defect (PASD) and a ventricular septal defect (VSD) as pointed out by arrows in (A). Color flow Doppler illustrates mitral regurgitation (MR) as shown by an arrow in (B). Note the nearly equal sized ventricles. The left atrium (LA), left ventricle (LV), right atrium (RA), and right ventricle (RV) are labeled. Reproduced from Ref.^[42].