fig1

Figure 1. The inflammation cascade of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-antibody associated vasculitis. ANCAs produced by plasma cells bind to myeloperoxidase and proteinase 3 produced by activated neutrophils (mediated by factors such as TNF-α or IL-1β). The neutrophil activation stimulates more neutrophils, leading to the production of extracellular traps (NET) and reactive oxygen species, leading to tissue damage, granulomatosis, and necrosis (image created in biorender.com). MPO: Myeloperoxidase; PR3: proteinase 3; NETs: neutrophil extracellular traps; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; IL-1β: interleukin-1β.