fig4

Figure 4. The signaling pathways involved in M2 macrophage polarization. S1P: Sphingosine-1-phosphate; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT: serine/threonine-protein kinases; mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; ERK: extracellular regulated protein kinases; JAK: janus kinase; STAT: signal transducers and activators of transcription; M-CSF: macrophage colony stimulating factor; NFkB: nuclear factor kappa-B; SP1: specificity protein 1; IL: interleukin; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; RTK: receptor tyrosine kinase; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; CSF1: colony-stimulating factor 1; CXCL: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; GPCR: G-protein-coupled receptor; KLF4: kruppel-like factor 4.