fig3

Figure 3. The signaling pathways involved in M1 macrophage polarization. S1P: Sphingosine-1-phosphate; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; JNK: c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase; AKT: serine/threonine-protein kinases; mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; TLR: toll-like receptors; MyD88: myeloid differentiation factor 88; OxLDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinases; ERK: extracellular regulated protein kinases; IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma; JAK: janus kinase; STAT: signal transducers and activators of transcription; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; NFkB: nuclear factor kappa-B.