fig2

Figure 2. Oxidative stress mechanisms in contrast induced nephropathy and cardiovascular disorders. ONOO^-, OH, O₂ and H₂O₂ are physiologically relevant ROS in the vascular endothelium. Processes involved in oxidative stress are represented in bold black. Left side represent mechanisms described in CVD, right side represent mechanisms described in CIN. Boxes show effects of oxidative stress in CIN and CVD. Oxidative stress mechanisms lead to inflammation which in turn generates a feedback loop in ROS production. ROS, NO, and antioxidant enzymes are represented in blue. ⟂: repression/reduction; ↑: overproduction; ↓: decrease; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NO: nitric oxide; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ox: oxidases; ETC: electron transfer chain; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ONOO^-: peroxynitrite; OH: hydroxyl radical; O₂: superoxide anion; H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide; CIN: contrast induced nephropathy; CVD: cardiovascular disorders